UNIT II- Self and Unit Evaluation

SELF AND UNIT EVALUATION

1. What are the 3 aspects of the assignment I've submitted that I am most proud of? I enjoyed this unit because for some reason it is a bit easier to understand. I would have to say that my Exercise lab is my strongest work. I seriously had a fun time looking back at the cardiovascular system and interpreting it into why each of my metabolic rates increased. The other two would be the compendium reviews. I also took the time to research and find different quotes to add to my reviews. Basically everything I do I should be proud of because these assignments are time consuming and take a lot of effort.

2. What 2 aspects of my submitted assignments do I believe could have used some improvement? It's hard to say because for each assignment I try and follow the requirements to complete each one thoroughly.

3. What do I believe my overall grade should be for this unit? Since this is the second review and I understand what to expect from your grading. I would have to say, once again, with all the hours, thinking, activities, and concentration it takes to complete these units, I would hope to get an A.

4. How could I perform better in the next unit? I think the last evaluation I said time management, which again I would have to admit is my down fall. Working and another summer class, takes A LOT of my time each day. Some days I feel I need a break, but its not always a good idea!!

Unit Questions

1. At what moment during this unit did you feel most engaged with the course? I have mentioned this several times, but it would have to be the Exercise Lab. Integrating the unit review into the exercises was interesting and fun.

2. At what moment did you feel most distanced from the course? For some reason I have to get used to the on line lab functions, before I plug in information.

3. What action did anyone take during this unit that you found most affirming and helpful? The emails you send are encouraging and good reminders to keep going! Knowing you are willing to help is reassuring. All of the guidelines are still helpful to look back on, to see that I included everything.

4. What action that anyone(teacher of student) took during this unit did you find most puzzling or confusing? There wasn't anything.

5. What about this unit surprised you the most? Working on the compendium reviews and then working on labs turned out to be FUN! Also being able to feel confident in all the work I submitted!!

UNIT II- Exercise Physiology LAB

Exercise, Exercise, Exercise- unit II-Lab

This Lab project was based on measuring metabolic rates of pulse, respiration, and systolic/diastolic BP. Not only do our bodies work hard at rest, but when you add a cardiovascular workout on top of it; double time steps in! Beginning this lab, I measured my rates at rest 5 different times, calculated each mean, and then performed 3 activities/3 reps each: step aerobics, vacuuming, and swimming. During exercise, the cardiovascular system works hard to increase the blood flow due to the high demand of energy. Having some knowledge about the cardiovascular system, it only makes sense to conclude that during each activity; the pulse, respiration and BPs would have a slight increase in their measurements (depending on the exertion of the exercise). One of the important cells in the cardiovascular system is the RBC, in that it carries oxygen, which diffuse into tissues. I will quickly review what the numbers of systolic and diastolic pressure are. While using the blood pressure cuff to measure my blood pressure; the first notable beat, after pumping it up, is the systolic measurement (contraction of the heart) and the last beat is the diastolic measurement(relaxation of the heart). I hope by reading through this lab, you will have an understanding of what happens to your metabolic measurements during exercise and what causes the changes.

Before starting this lab, I wrote down an 'educated guess' for each activity, what I thought my metabolic measurements would be. Since I perform these activities, I felt comfortable formulating a hypothesis for each metabolic rate, stating that my pulse, respiration's, and BP would increase. Knowing that swimming is more physical exertion, I guessed my measurements would increase more than step aerobics and vacuuming. The table to the right are my formulated guesses. As mentioned above, our bodies supply oxygen and blood to the heart during the high energy demand while exercising. With my activities, my hypothesis and the outcomes were fairly accurate.

Materials and Methods. An average resting heart rate is between 60-100 bpm. "The heart rate adapts to changes in the body's need for oxygen" (American heart article). An example of this would be during the exercises I performed. There are several places to get a pulse measurement a few places are :carotid, femoral, brachial, popliteal(behind the knee), and radial. I used my radial pulse, which is shown in the picture to the right (the sticker is where I placed my fingers). For each activity my heart rate increased, more after each rep, due to the heart pumping faster, in need of more oxygen. During these activities the throbbing sensation while exercising is the arteries responding to the heart beat, which is carrying blood away from the heart. The second measurement were my respiration's, which is counting each full breath in and out. (I did not take a picture, because you wouldn't be able to see it anyway). An average RR(respiratory rate) for an adult is 12-20, depending on the individual. During an inhalation, we breath in oxygen from the environment which contains "20% oxygen," which mixes with the oxygen in our alveloi containing "14% oxygen" (respiration, article). The main function of respiration is to quickly send oxygen to our blood and in return quickly removing carbon dioxide. This happens with an individual who has a healthy set of lungs. Working in the health care field, I have seen many individuals that can't perform this cycle without gasping for air. Some individuals have difficulties breathing while trying to talk, changing positions, or even eating. This most commonly occurs with Emphysema and individuals with congestive heart failure. Instead of having thin, small alevoli for exchange; these individuals are living with larger surface areas and alveloi. Making them short of breath with minimal exertion. During a deep inhale and exhale the body can take in and remove about "5.5 Liters of air" (respiration). Again with each rep on my activities, my respiration's increased. The more physical and strength I put in the more work my heart pumped to supply my blood flow. The third metabolic measurement was my blood pressure(systolic and diastolic). "Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries" (wikipedia). An average BP reading for adults is 120/80 or lower. The picture below and to the right shows where I placed my blood pressure cuff and my stethoscope( As you can see I took it myself so it was a bit tricky). I felt for my brachial pulse, placed my stethoscope on that area and pumped to about 180. I also put a picture of my stethoscope and blood pressure cuff below.

Increased physical activity causes an increase in pressure in the body, this forces the heart to supply oxygen rich blood to the main chambers of the heart(aorta, ventricle). This blood then branches to arteries, then arterioles. The smallest branching is known as the capillaries(where the pressure of blood decreases) supplying the body with refreshing oxygen/nutrients. While swimming my laps the faster my strokes became, the more blood was pumping through, increasing my blood pressure. These measurements will be found in the table below. Once the oxygen is delivered to the tissues in the body, deoxygenated blood starts the journey pumping back to the heart(which is found in the capillaries). Similar to the branching of the arteries; the capillaries branch into veins, venules, and the superior/inferior vena cavas. Measurements of blood pressure can vary depending on each individual, activity, temperature, posture, diet, history, and medications. Again, this lab shows that with the activities I picked, my measurements increased.



This picture shows the step aerobic exercise I did (50/rep). For this activity, my metabolic guess was fairly accurate. For each metabolic measurement my rates increased. My pulse was the highest change. I started at 72bpm and at my last rep it was 104. Below you will see the graph mean for this activity.



This picture is to show my second activity, I was vacuuming. It was more than this little area. (which is now neatly cleaned after 3 times)!



This obviously shows my third activity, swimming. I did 6 laps for each rep(before all the kids came and ruined my peace fullness :) )

Data.








The table above shows the metabolic rates of each activity I performed 3 times and the right column is the mean measurements for: pulse, respiration, and systolic/diastolic BP. At the bottom(read area) is actually already mentioned above, its my hypothesis results. The bar graph to the right is the mean results for each activity. For each activity the mean measurements were accurate and what I expected.

Analysis of data. Activity One(step aerobics) hypothesis was correct. My guesses were: 84-20-125-70. The mean results were: 88-21-124-70. According to the data I collected, this is what I was expecting. My pulse ranged, but that could have been depending on the pace I did for each rep. Activity Two (vacuuming) hypothesis was not correct, it was a little off. My guesses were: 72-16-116-70. The mean results were: 88-21-118-70. Again, my pulse was more than what I though it would be. Also my hypothesis respiration's were lower than the mean average. I guess vacuuming is more work that I expected it to be. But the BP were fairly close. Activity Three (swimming) hypothesis were somewhat correct and close. My guesses were: 120-24-130-75. The mean results were: 120-23-127-73. Now that I am looking back, I would think that my BP would be more. I retook my 3rd systolic pressure twice, and got 120; which was surprising. By my third rep I could have slowed down, possibly making it lower. My hypotheses on all three activities were fairly correct when comparing them to my mean averages. Our bodies continue working with each activity we participate in, most likely increasing each metabolic measurement.

Problems with your data or technique. There are a couple things that could change the measurements. As I mentioned above, moving at the same exact pace for each activity wasn't the case, which could change the numbers slightly. Another point I would like to make is, which measurement to take first. By the time I got my pulse and respiration's done, and adjusted my BP cuff my measurements may have went down a little. Regardless I feel that my results are correct, and I did not have any technical difficulties to bother with. Above I reviewed my hypotheses and mean results, and even though some are a little off I still think that they are fairly accurate or correct.

In conclusion I would like to say this lab was interesting and fun. Doing all these activities and then thinking about why my metabolic rates changed is fascinating. It's something I don't typical stop to think about! Starting the lab, I already had the feeling that each metabolic measurement: pulse, respiration, and BP would slightly increase depending on my activities. The more exertion I gave, the higher my results were. But, if we were able to look inside of our bodies it would all make sense. Our baby alveloi branching off of our lungs are tiny, but they quickly take in oxygen and remove the unwanted carbon dioxide. This in turn, keeps our respiratory cycle functioning. When there is more physical activity, our heart pumps faster causing our arteries to fill up and send blood to the heart. Oxygen and nutrients are delivered while carbon dioxide and wastes are removed. The cardiovascular system can be complex, but knowing that our heart is aware of the increase in activity; it continues to pump faster to supply blood to carry oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues. During these exercise, I could feel the beating sensation of my heart; knowing it pumps harder to supply oxygen to the muscles is amazing. Our heart truly is a loving structure.


Works Cited:
http://www.puchon.com/biology/respire.htm#ventricle
quote
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/blood_pressure
quote
www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml
quote

UNIT TWO: Ethical Essay

A SCRUMPTIOUS MEAL-Ethical Essay

What would taste better to you: A home cooked pot of simmering stew, or frozen stew from a bag heating above the stove? We all have different opinions and experiences, but in my opinion I would rather peel and cut the vegetables than tear open a bag and plop the stew in water. The food industry is becoming more popular with developing "homemade" meals into a meal quick and easy. Nutrition is an important part of our lives, and learning which foods are essential and where you can find them, would be beneficial to know. A few major points to discuss in this essay would be: where does our produce come from, the abundance of processed/packaged foods, and healthy versus "empty calorie" diets. Are individuals paying attention to what they are eating? Our bodies need the nourishment to stay healthy, but many food markets supply many unneeded produce that consumers continuously buy.

While biting into your sweet, juicy apple; does it ever cross your mind where the apple came from? "Food travels on average 1,300 miles from farm to table" (food travels, article). This type of produce(fruits and vegetables) is from local farmers; mainly from California, Florida or Washington. Another interesting fact is, most produce that is shipped from around the states or different countries could take up to "7-14" days before it gets to the supermarket. This makes it difficult to find the freshest bach of produce at some local supermarkets. A lot of times fruits and vegetables are expensive, and not everyone can afford spending money on fresh products. But, in my opinion, I feel that fresh products are healthier than packaged/processed. In my opinion cans of fruits/veggies are packed with sugar giving it a total different taste. Some produce hold the same vitamin contents of fresh produce, but I personally don't know how when its packed with processed ingredients. In this same article it states that the: "U. S. has lost 4.7 million farms" since 1935(food travels). This cut off may explain why food marketing has such an increase in packaged foods; since the farmers aren't there to supply their need of produce. Regardless, I still buy fresh products over processed. If I had the land, I would love to plant my own fruit trees and garden. But for those of us that don't have that, think about the apple(or fresh food) you bit into; somewhere a farmer planted the tree, helped it grow, and picked it off the tree for you to ENJOY!

Walking through the aisles of the supermarket, every few feet a blazing sign saying "NEW TRY ME," stands out amongst all the other processed foods. One thing I find amazing is that frozen dinners have become a popular meal of choice. I enjoy cooking and baking, therefore, I tend not to buy these pre-made meals, but occasionally I do. Most of them are loaded with sodium, fats, and calories, but they are tasteful. An article describes the harm in processed foods; "contains huge amounts of chemicals and toxins which were added in the processing" (health, article). Companies try making the food taste fresh by adding colorings, artificial flavors and preservatives. These preservatives are used to make the food last longer to avoid it being disrupted from mold, bacteria, or yeast. Freezing, Canning, Sterilization, Adding sugar and salts are examples of preserving food. This website also states that the reason some vegetables taste bland is due to the fact they lack minerals; chemicals are mixed into it to give it a flavorful taste. "Processing takes a lot of nutrients out of the nutrient rich foods" (health, article). This states a lot of the packaged foods we open and plop into the microwave or stove top. Many of these products are stripped from the original nutrients, giving the buyer a mouthful of processed material. It would be expensive to buy all organic instead of some of the processed foods. I feel it is important to get a variety of fresh produce, but eating preserved/packaged foods is part of our society.

Lack of time is very common in today's society. Therefore many Americans grab "empty calorie" foods for a meal. These calories can be from candy, soda, beer, to a fast food hamburger. The reason these "empty calories" are important to watch is they are eventually converted to fat. Which leads to a common disorder, Obesity. Most of these foods lack the essential vitamins, minerals, and nutrients our body needs to function properly. These foods tend to be cheaper, readily available, and tasteful which is why many individuals aim for them. I will agree that many of the healthier foods are more expensive, making it harder to keep them as a daily diet regimen. Nutrient density foods may contain the same amount of calories, but they are filled with vitamins and minerals. A good example we are all probably aware of is a potato vs chips. They may be similar in calories, but the baked potato has fiber, calcium and other vitamins far more valuable. Learning the foods that are priced the same as junk food, will hopefully keep individuals away from the empty calories vs nutrient filled foods. We hear the comments about eating healthier over and over, but unhealthy diets seems to be getting more common. Constant consumption of junk food( "empty calories") may put an individuals health at risk for cardiovascular and other diseases.

In conclusion, it seems to be that our society is lacking in trying to keep our bodies healthy and full on vitamins and minerals we need to nourish our bodies. Many of the produce products we get in the supermarkets are shipped from other areas throughout the states or even country. We know many of them need to be preserved in order to last the long trip to the market. Again, I personally enjoy fresh produce versus packaged foods. Home cooked meals in most families have lost its meaning, since many place a frozen lasagna into the oven or dine at restaurants. For many individuals the cost of healthy foods is more expensive than the "empty calorie" foods; therefore many pick the packaged versus more nourishment. We are all at guilty of eating at fast food restaurants, but in my opinion doing that on a daily basis is not healthy for your body. Depending on what foods you consume, but for the most part french fries and hamburgers are not good for the arteries day after day. Many diseases can arise from lack of nourishment and the constant consumption of carbohydrates, fats, and sugars. Learning to recognize the harm some foods can do to your body, will hopefully make some individuals stop and think before they bite into their hamburger for the 5th time that week.

Works Cited:

http://www.mcvitamins.com/Health%20opponents/processed_foods.htm

quotes

http://www.ediblecommunities.com/

picture of tractor

http://www.foodroutes.org/

quotes, beginning quote

http://www.wegmans.com/

picture of apple

UNIT TWO: Nutrition Lab

To keep our bodies working to give us the strength and energy; it is important to feed our bodies. This lab was basically inputting what we ate throughout the course of a day, as the picture above shows. The end results are not accurate because it didn't ask for specific amounts, and I was unable to dictate the amount consumed and not everything was on the list. Some of the food I ate and entered are not the exact same product, but similar. At the end, it gives a table of the nutrient totals. Below I will discuss what I ate for the day and the total amounts for the nutrients

Breakfast: 1 slice of sourdough bread toasted with 2 TBLS of Peanut butter, 1 cup of coffee with a tsp of fat free vanilla creamer, 8 oz of water, and 8 0z of fat-free milk.
Snack: Nutri-grain bar(honey oat) 1 bottle of Gatorade
Lunch: Salad with fresh vegetables: 1/4cup of cucumbers and green peppers, tomatoes, sunflower seeds, and ranch dressing. Rye crisp with colby cheese. 16 oz of water
Snack: Green grapes- tostido chips/cheese dip. Water
Dinner: Chicken and cheese quesadila with 1 tsp of sour cream. 8 oz of water. Fresh fruit: honeydew, watermelon, and strawberries.
Snack: Chocolate Ice cream and strawberries
I drink a lot of water throughout the day!!!! And thankfully, lately I have had cravings for fresh fruit!!!!

The Table states that the total Calories: 1010, Fat:44g, Sat. fat:20, Cholesterol:110mg, Sodium:1970mg, Carbohydrate: 105g, Dietary Fiber 10g, Sugars: 36g, Protein: 52g. The Vitamin totals: Vitamin A: 160%, Vit. C: 80%, Calcium: 110%, and Iron 35% Like I mentioned before these totals could be more or less. I'm not sure that with what I gave, my total fats could equal 64! I didn't eat a whole chicken or pound of cheese in my quesadila!

1. How healthy of a diet do you think this is? I am pregnant so I have tried my best to improve my diet. For the most part I feel I have a healthy diet. Although the pictures on the lab show that I am a carbohydrate friendly, well-balanced, vegitarian. It also shows a picture of a vegan, but I do eat meats. We basically grill a lot of steaks, hamburgers and pork chops.

2. What would you change about this day's eating. If anything? I basically eat this on a routine basis. Some days more veggies or dairy products(yogurt, string cheese). Even though I think I drink a lot of water, I still could probably drink more. And focus on a healthy meat for dinner.

3. Do you find this kind of tracking helpful? Its helpful to a point, but I wouldn't keep checking my nutrition status with this set up. It doesn't give accurate amounts and not everything is listed. Looking at the values I didn't realize with the vitamins: amounts of fruits and veggies that I exceeded the percentage. (that's a good thing). But then again, it may not be accurate.

In conclusion, this lab helped reassure me the importance of maintaining a healthy "food pyramid" diet. Our bodies need the food to stay energized, maintain function, metabolism, and growth. Our bodies can not do this without our physical job of supplying the bodies daily requirements. The food I entered in the beginning is a usual diet I try and stick to; not only for me but for my baby. I don't feel it is necessary to 'eat for two' as long as I am able to eat a well-balanced meal. Nutrition is important, and I like to think I am eating well to support my points.

UNIT TWO: Compendium Review #2: Digestive System and Nutrition

Table of Contents

1. Digestive System: overview

2. Obesity/Glucose and Diffusion

3. Nutrition: Classes

Most of us think of the digestive process starting when we are actually chewing and later digesting the food we ate. But, the digestive process starts before you take a bite of the scrumptious, carmel, sticky roll. As the aroma of the roll fills your senses, you are subconsciously salivating, which is the start of the digestive system. Nutrition on the other hand, is a never ending topic amongst all of us. Whether it is a new diet approach, what you are cooking for dinner, a delicious recipe you would like to try, or just your everyday meals and snacks throughout the day. This unit covers the Digestive System and Nutrition. Above I listed a brief table of contents, but below I will discuss more in depth on each sub title. Once again, by reading this section, I think about the importance of keeping my body healthy; supporting it with daily exercise and the nutrients it needs to function to its fullest.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: OVERVIEW

There are 5 processes the digestive system is involved in: Ingestion, Digestion(mechanical-actual cutting up of food and chemical- mouth to the small intestines), Movement, Absorption, and Elimination. The organs involved in the digestive system are found in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). To the right is a picture of the different layers within the tract. The first layer of the winding tract is basically a mucous substance, protective layer, known as the mucosa layer. The second layer is loosely filled with tissues containing nerves, blood, and lymphatic vessels that help carry the nutrients collected from the mucosa. The Muscularis layer is composed of 2 smooth muscles, which contract, moving the food towards the anus. The fourth layer is, Serosa, which prevents the organs from sticking to the abdominal wall. Next I will briefly touch on the parts of the Digestive Tract. To see parts I am going to discuss, look at the labeled picture to the right. When you take a bite of your carmel roll, the first part you enter is the Mouth. Saliva, as discussed in the introduction, produces "salivary amylase that begins the process of digesting starch" (Mader 146). The tongue forms a combustion of food known as a bolus which leads us to the second and third parts of the GI tract. The Pharynx and Esophagus. Once food reaches the back of the pharynx, swallowing is done without our control, leading to the esophagus which moves food to the stomach. At this point of entrance into the stomach, there are little muscles known as sphincters that act like stress balls. When they are relaxed, the sphincters allow the food to pass into the stomach. During contraction, it prevents acidic substances from entering back into the esophagus(heartburn).

"The stomach and small intestine complete the digestion of food, which begins in the mouth" (Mader 148). It's easy to think that when you eat something it goes directly to you stomach. Which happens through the process mentioned above, but the stomach is also known as the storage compartment. The well known wave-like movement, peristalsis, occurs in this organ. The Small Intestines is the coiled, orange section in the picture above, where the majority of digestion takes place.

Large Intestine: This is the last section of the digestive tract. The main functions are: absorption of excess water, stores unusable wastes, and eliminates. Most of us are aware that the large intestine is divided into 3 different sections: ascending, transverse, and descending colon. The green section in the picture above shows each section. The S shaped(near the end) is the Sigmoid colon which enters into the rectum. "The large intestine takes 12-25 hours to finish up the remaining processes of the digestive system" (Wikipedia).

Accessory Organs: The 3 parts of the accessory organs are: pancreas, liver, and gall bladder. Pancreas: secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, digestive enzymes for all different nutrients(CHO, lipids, sugars). Liver: receives blood and many other functions(stores glucose as glycogen, regulates cholesterol, lipid, and protein metabolism, secretion, and synthesizes. Gallbladder: stores excess bile, produced from the liver.

OBESITY/GLUCOSE/DM: Most of us are aware that if you were to constantly consume lollipops, greasy double burgers and lounge around drinking Mt. Dew all day; you would most likely end up with obesity. The high intake of the sugars and fat puts an individuals health at risk for Diabetes and Cardiovascular problems. Glucose is a carbohydrate that the cell uses for energy. It comes from the Greek history; gluc"sugar" ose"carbohydrate" (wikipedia). Diabetes is a common disease that can develop from obesity(mainly type II). The liver cells are not capable of producing glucose. In turn, it causes the individuals blood sugar to rise(normal BS level is 60-100) and glucose and water are eliminated through urine. Many individuals with Type II Diabetes can control their BS with a low sugar/fat diet, exercise, and some take oral medication. Type I Diabetes is more insulin dependent. The blood sugars can either fall low-hypoglycemic(glossy eyes, weak, sweaty, confused) or high blood sugars-hyperglycemic(increased thirst, drowsy, loss of consciousness). Working in the health care field, many patients have Diabetes. Some are cognitive and are well aware of their bodies, and are able recognize signs of low/high BS. We monitor the BS levels using a glucometer which reads a prick of blood. Depending if the reading is high or not, an individual may or may not get coverage(if ordered). An interesting piece of information I came across is: During the 17th century in England; obesity was considered a, "symbol of wealth and social status in cultures prone to food shortages" (wikipedia). In the U.S. this disease is continuing to rise. "Losing 5 to 10 percent of your weight can help delay or prevent some of these diseases" (medline). Remembering to maintain a healthy nutritious diet and exercising will hopefully decrease your chances of diseases.

NUTRITION: CLASSES. The nutrition lab also goes over the classes of nutrients. Food is readily availabe anywhere you go. If you're hungary while driving and don't have time to cook; many stop and eat at the fast food restaurants. For the most part they are affordable and less of a hassle than cooking yourself. We are all guilty of doing just that, but when it is an every day meal; its not healthy for our body. Our hearts are strong and muscular, but they need healthy and essential nutrients to keep them strong and beating. The unwanted fats and oils are beginners at clogging our artiries. Eating a small abundance of the "oh so easy" empty calorie foods is a good start to a healthy diet. The book starts out with the well known classes of nutritioun: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids,Minerals, and Vitamins. By now most of us have been told over and over the importance of eating fruits and veggies, not to eat sweets, and exercise, exercise, exercise!! To the right is a new pyramid that was created at Harvard. It is basically the same as the classic food pyramid, but they added more varieties and note the bottom section: EXERCISE. I don't feel its necessary to go over which foods are involved in the classes, because at this point we should have a general idea of what to eat and what to limit in our diets. Now-a-days diets seem to be an important part in peoples lives. Some of them can be dangerous to your health, it's important to research any new diet plan. A familiar diet is the Atkin's Diet which limits the amount of carbs and allows the dieter to eat as much meat, butter, and eggs. A spokes person stated, "this is the most dangerous if followed for any length of time [...] You are placing your body in jeopardy" (atkins). This proves to be cautious and contact your physician with any diets or concerns. Consuming the essential vitamins and minerals, and nutrients the body needs is important for good health.

In conclusion, once again our body goes through a cycle to perform a particular activity. Chewing the last bite of the carmel roll and swallowing starts the process of digestion. Again the processes involved in the Digestive system are: ingestion, digestion, movement, absorption, and elimination. Maintaining a healthy diet will hopefully allow these processes to continue functioning. The organs nestled inside of the GI tract are also important to help keep these processes regulated. In today's world, there are many options available to try and cue you to a healthy lifestyle. But, in reality we each need to watch for what is important to our own body. Not every diet, vitamin supplement, nutrition guide, or exercise program will work for us. We all function a little different, so researching what is available is not a bad step to take. Just to add for the hundredth time, watching the foods we consume(advised in the food pyramid) and exercising will hopefully lead our bodies to a comfortable lifestyle. There are many diseases that can contribute to neglect of the body, knowing the side effects that diseases can cause is a good start at caring for your body.

Works Cited

Mader, Sylvia S. Human Biology. Boston: McGrawHill Companies, Inc. 2008

quotes

http://www.atkinsexposed.org/

quote

http://en.wikipedia.org.wiki/large_intestine and obesity

quotes, picture of organs

http://www.hlm.nih,gov/medlineplus/obesity.html

picture of scale, quote

http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource

quote
http://www.slurred.edu/~dking2/evg/giguide.htm

picture of digestive layers

flower pic-my picture

Unit II LAB- Blood Pressure

This Lab focused on the effects blood pressure(BP) may have on gender, age, and health factors. Such as, family history, increase salt intake, lack of exercise, and alcohol consumption. Learning to maintain a healthy lifestyle at a younger age will hopefully help decrease your chance of developing hypertension(HTN) at a later age. The photo to the left is a graph of the average systolic and diastolic BP of male and females in different age categories. The purple and blue lines represent male and the green and yellow represent females. The photo to the right is a table of the input and outputs for the graph. Below I will discuss the questions related to the lab project I performed realted to BP and age/gender.

Questions:

1. State a problem about the relationship of age and gender to BP? During this lab project, the males systolic and diastolic BPs were typically higher than the females. During the age groups of 11-17 and 18-24 both the male and females BPs were basically WNL, but family history and lack of exercise were still factors that could influence their levels as they get older. Learning to stay healthy and exercise daily are important, especially with a family history of HTN.

2. Use your knowledge about the heart and circulatory system to make a hypothesis about how the average BP for groups of people would be affected by manipulating the age and gender of group members. In order for the heart to beat strong, it needs a body that is willing to help maintain that healthy balance. If the heart has to travel through an artery built up of fatty tissues (also known as plaque) it is going to have difficulties supplying other systems of the body. One of the major diseases that is associated with this is build up is heart disease, heart attacks. Male and Females over the age of 55(in this lab experiment) are at a higher risk of developing heart disease, HTN, and other diseases; if they are unable to maintain a healthy diet and exercise. This lab shows how lack of exercise, increased intake of salt, alcohol consumption, and family history are factors of developing HTN. Taking care of your body is important starting at a young age. As mentioned earlier, the younger teenagers BP were WNL, but some already showed signs of developing HTN. Staying away from the delicious, juicy McDonald burgers everyday for lunch would be a great start keeping your arteries free from build up.

3. How will you use the investigation screen to test your hypothesis? What steps will you follow? What data will you record? I already interpreted this question into the previous question. Basically the graph shows an increase in both systolic and diastolic pressure after the age 54. Monitoring your lifestyle is an important key to prevention of diseases. A few other examples to test would be: weight, drug/smoking, exercise, ethnicity, and diet. The lab does not talk about weight, ethnic groups, or smoking, but these factors can increase the risk of HTN or cardiovascular diseases. I would record the above factors related to the different age groups. The purpose of this would be to test the relationship of these factors and their relationship to diseases.

4. Analyse the result of your experiment. Explain any patterns observed. Basically this lab experiment, is not detailed with the factors I mentioned above, but its main factors are: family history, increase salt intake, lack of exercise, and alcohol consumption. These are important factors, but with the different ethnic groups it provides, it doesn't show them at greater risk for HTN, when typically they are. As the genders aged, they did tend to develop HTN. Most of the males were due to: lack of exercise, increased salt intake, and alcohol consumption. Interesting point, was some that had increase BP did not have any of the factors listed. Therefore I would state they may have had factors that I mentioned in the previous question, such as, smoking, ethnicity, and possibly overweight. As an individual ages, their circulation decreases, which causes them to have increase BP, which is why it is important for them to realize the factors that may increase their chances of disease.

5. Did the result of your experiment support your hypothesis? why or why not? Based on your experiment what conclusion can you draw about the relationship of age and gender to group BP averages? My hypothesis was that genders over the age of 55 are at greater risk of developing diseases such as HTN and cardiovascular diseases. For the most part my experiment is supportive because as individuals age, they are more prone to diseases. My conclusion is, this lab shows how between the ages of 45-54, BPs increased and appear to continue to increase. It all depends on how the individual cares for their body. Family history also plays a role i developing diseases, but being watchful of outside factors is important.

6. During the course of your experiment, did you obtain any BP readings that were outside of normal range for a group being tested? What did you notice on the medical charts for these individuals that might explain their high readings? Yes there were quite a few BPs that were outside of normal range, but the factors listed were: family history, lack of exercise, increase salt intake, and alcohol consumption.

7. List risk factors with HTN. Based on your observation which risk factor is most closely related with HTN? This is very repetitive. Factors related to HTN: smoking, weight, diet, exercise. It all depends on the individual to draw a conclusion on what is the most closely related factor. Having a diet high in cholesterol, salts, and fats is a good start at clogging your arteries. Atherosclerosis(fatty materials, such as cholesterol) is found in individuals with HTN/ Too many lunches at Taco Bell and Sonic Burger are good places to avoid, if you are a regular customer.

8. What affect might obesity have on BP? Does obesity alone cause a person to be at risk for increase BP? What other factors, in combination with obesity, might increase the risk of increase BP? Being overweight has a great deal at developing high BP. To start off, if the individual is not active, it causes an accumulation of fat to build up within the body. Obesity is combined with out health risks, such as, Diabetes, respiratory difficulties, HTN, and Cardiovascular diseases. Learning to maintain a healthy diet and being active will hopefully lower the obesity outbreak.

In conclusion, this lab shows how important it is to learn the factors that are related to HTN. Since I work in the healthcare field, its easy for me to know that as an individual ages, BP typically increases. Lack of exercise, diet high in cholestorol, salt, and fat, family history, weight, smoking, gender, age, ethnicity all are possible factors to take into consideration. It does not mean if you have one or two of these factors, you will develop HTN. It is a possibilty you may develop HTN or cardiovascular disease. Learning to maintain a healthy lifestyle at a young age is important to help prevent these silent diseases. "Hypertension is sometimes known as the silent killer because it may not be detected until it caused a heart attack, stroke, or even kidney failure" (Mader 96). That proves to be watchful of your habits. Keeping your arteries free of fatty build up, will hopefully lower your chances of the many diseases associated with HTN.

UNIT TWO: Compendium Review #1: Oxygen, Microbes, Immunity

Table of Contents

1. Cardiovascular System and Blood Vessels: heart,capillaries

2. Cardiovascular System and Blood: RBC/WBC

3. Microbes and Immunity

4. AIDS/HIV

It's typical to live each day, and not even realize the work load each system, cell, vessel, or organ performs to keep our bodies homeostatic and functioning. Above is a broad table of contents that I will do my best to describe and bring out the main points. The heart is a valuable part of our body, with each "lubdub" is a new flow of blood entering our systems. There is an abundant amount of cells flowing throughout our bodies, bringing oxygen and nutrients in and riding of wastes. Thankfully, we have WBCs that help fight off unwanted pathogens, they resemble an eagle when it hunts for food, it quickly swoops down and gathers its prey. We definitely need to appreciate the workload these cells do. The earth is full of organisms, microbes, that we need to be watchful for and appreciate the screening they do to our environment. Studying these chapters brings up the importance to keep our bodies healthy; doing our best to prevent the infectious diseases lingering around us each day.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AND BLOOD VESSELS: The Cardiovascular system is like the ocean constantly full of swimmers. The swimmers (blood) move throughout the ocean(body) and the fish(other systems in the body) help keep the ocean functioning properly. A swimmer(blood) takes a break on the shoreline; brushes off seaweed (excess wastes), takes a sip of Gatorade(nutrients and oxygen) and dives back into the ocean. This scenario describes the process of the removal of carbon dioxide and the entrance of oxygen in the body. There are three types of blood vessels the book refers to. The picture to the right is of an artery(red) and vein(blue). 1) Arteries: a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart toward a capillary. The walls are strong, which gives extra support when blood moves around. 2) Capillaries: a small, microscopic blood vessel with thin walls composed of an endothelium layer, gas and nutrient exchange takes place. 3) Veins: a blood vessel that carries blood from a capillary towards the heart. Veins have a valve(similar to a plug) which helps prevent back flow of blood. The walls are thin compared to arteries, meaning when blood enters at high pressures; it causes expansion.

The next main focus is the function of the heart: The heart is found between the lungs, behind the breastbone, about the size of your fist, and has 3 muscular layers surrounding it. The outer layer is the myocardium (cardiac muscle), pericardium(supports and protects), and the epicardium(outer layer). To describe the heart, look at the picture to the right. You will notice that there are four main chambers: Right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle and left atrium. Also note the valves located between the chambers: their main function is to prevent blood back flow. Next I will discuss the passage of blood. Beginning the flow, blood enters the superior/inferior vena cava to the right atrium. The right atrium to the tricuspid valve-right ventricle-pulmonary valve-pulmonary trunk-divides into two pulmonary arteries(blood travels to the lungs/deoxygenated or poor blood). Oxygenated(rich blood) enters through the pulmonary veins-left atrium-bicuspid valve-left ventricle- aortic valve- aorta- different parts of body. The picture to the right is color coded, showing the entrance/exit of blood via the veins and arteries. "The human heart beats more than 3.5 billion times in an average lifetime" (wikipedia). These beats are more than "lub dub." Each of those beats is known as a cardiac cycle. During a beat, the atrias squeeze shut(systole) at the same time, and then the ventricles squeeze shut at the same time. Then it goes through a relaxation phase(diastole). When listening to a rhythmic heart through a stethoscope you will notice a "lub" sound, which is the increase pressure of blood, forcing the tricuspid valve to close. This in turn, causes the pulmonary and aortic valves to bounce open. The "dub" is the closing of these valves. "The SA node is called the pacemaker because it usually keeps the heartbeat regular" (Mader 90). A slow functioning SA node is usually fixed by placing an artificial pacemaker. ECG and EKGs can be used to view the heart rhythm for any possible signs of abnormalities. The pulse and blood pressure will be discussed in the lab portion.

Cardiovascular Pathway: The right side of the heart pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit( carbon dioxide is dumped off, and oxygen is the traveling partner). The left side of the heart pumps blood in to the systemic circuit(blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and discards wastes).

Capillaries: The layer of a capillary is an endothelial lining, meaning only small particles/molecules are capable of moving through. When blood enters the arteriole end(red section) water and molecules small enough to exit, move out of the lining due to an increase in blood pressure. By the time blood reaches the venule(blue section) water moves in by osmosis. In the middle of the capillary, there is no movement; therefore, oxygen and nutrients exit, carbon dioxide and wastes enter, and RBC/proteins remain inside. Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of death. HTN, atherosclerosis, stroke, and heart attack are a few examples.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AND BLOOD: "The human body contains about 5 liters of blood, and the heart pumps this amount of blood with every beat!" (Mader 106). There are 3 main activities of blood: transportation(running oxygen and nutrients and supplying to other cells), defense(fighting foreign objects/preventing clots), and regulation(temperature and fluid/electrolyte). Blood travels everywhere throughout our bodies making sure we are ready to face our next big challenge. Whether the challenge is just getting out of bed in the morning, jogging around the block, replenishing our thirst, fighting a cold, or sleeping after a hard days work. During any of these examples, blood continues to flow to all of the systems within us. Their are two compostions of blood to discuss. The test tube picture to the right, shows the separation of the cell fragments. 1) formed elements: RBC(most abundant: delivers oxygen), WBC(work in the tissues: engulf/ defend against foreign objects), and platelets(stick together to form a plug: during a sudden blood loss). 2. Plasma: 90% of this water. Its main function is to transport nutrients and wastes throughout the system .

RBC: This is the most common blood cell that delivers oxygen to the lungs. Inside this cell are numerous copies of hemoglobin, which gives the cell its distinct, color and contains protein(globin) and iron(heme) chains. The Iron chain Each of these chains bind differently to oxygen. Notice in the picture to the right the RBC has an indented(bio concave) center, this helps move gases in and out of the cell "RBC's produce ATP anaerobically, and they do not consume any of the oxygen they transport" (Mader 108). Erythropoesis refers to the production of RBCs. The life span of a RBC is 120 days. An interesting amount of RBCs are destroyed each second, "2 million" (Mader 109). That shows how hard these little cells work to keep up with the demand of transporting oxygen and nutrients to different cells. A couple common RBC disorders are anemia, sickle-cell, hemolysis.

WBC: These cells were briefly touched on above, but are important in the immune system; fighting against infections. The two different types of WBC's are granular and agranular leukocytes. Granular are: Neutrophils( most abundant, quick at responding and remove the foreign particles), Eosinophils(help during allergic reactions), and Basophils(releases the chemical histamine). Agranular are: Lymphocytes(help defend the body, consist of 2 types: Natural killer cells(NK cells), Tcells, and B-cells which produce antibodies to help destroy the particles). Monocytes(important function is phagocytosis(eats away/ingests), and it responds quickly to the endangered site). WBC work at making sure the cell is not attacked by the unwanted particle.

MICROBES. Picture the rocks at the bottom of a fish tank, rocks beneath the soil, and rocks on the bed of a river. Flowing through these waters, are microscopic organisms known as microbes(bacteria, fungi). Not only are they found in water, but scattered everywhere on the earth. These microbes are both helpful and a threat to our lives. They help by acting as "decomposers" and are a threat since most microbes( bacteria) are the main source of the many diseases that kill humans. The picture to the right is bacteria, magnified many times over.


All of us have heard the phrase over and over that the number one thing to help stop the spread of infection is: HANDWASHING. Think about the last thing you touched. Was it shaking someones hand, touching your steering wheel, removing your shoe, or opening a door? Think of all the microscopic particles crawling around on that object!!! Bacteria multiply when the environment is suitable for them to grow.


Viruses are most commonly referred to when talking about the flu or cold. They infect cells and replicate when they infect a host cell. An interesting thing about viruses is that they carry genetic information, and protect it with a protein coat! To help stop the spread of a virus, is done be immunization. That is why it is important to be up-to-date on immunization. Scientists have studied this background for many centuries, viewing and trying to culture a viral organism. "In the late 19th century, Charles Chamberland, developed a porcelain filter with pores small enough to filter viruses, yet retain all viable bacteria" (Wikipedia). Research obviously has blossomed since then.

IMMUNITY. This defense mechanism helps ward off diseases from entering the body. It builds blockades, and send the WBCs to help engulf the unwanted particles. Antigens are referred to as: "molecules the immune system recognizes as foreign to the body" (Mader 130). The B cells and T cells are like sensors, they recognize antigens and bind to them with their receptors. Antibody-Mediated Immunity is the defense process of a B cell and its receptor making copies, which turn into plasma cells and memory B cells. Cell- Mediated Immunity is when T cells find help from others and then attack the diseased/cancerous cell(note the blue and red T cells below: found each other, and are now forming a plan to attack the green, infected blob to the right). Again, the cells work together to help cure, in this case, an infected cell. Cytotoxic T cells are like sticky glue, settling into a piece of foam: they bind to the infected cell, settle onto the membrane, puncture little pores, and suffocate the infectious cell. Helper T cells give out directions to cytokines(chemicals used for communication). A memory T cell stores information of a previous antigen occurring in the body, if it resembles the same antigen again, it will alarm other cells to activate. Fighting against these antigens can be a lot of work, but the cells manage to alarm those needed to help destroy the infectious antigen.

There are two types of acquired immunity to briefly touch on. Active immunity: Vaccines are used to help expose our bodies to a specific antigen. (Earlier I discussed the purpose of memory T cells, this is where they function) Children are recommended to receive immunizations to help prevent diseases (chicken pox, tetanus). Passive Immunity: This is a temporary immunity passed on from individual to individual.

AIDS/HIV. This disease, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, was first discovered in 1981. Killing more than 25 million since its recognition in 1981(wikipedia). AIDS damages and weakens the immune system, caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is believed that HIV "originated from chimpanzees," in sub-Saharan Africa. The transmission is also thought to come from the blood of the chimpanzee transferring into the wound of a human (Biology). There is not a cure for this deadly disease, but some drugs are used for treatment and learning to be safe and use precaution measures help stop the spread of AIDS/HIV. Transmission of HIV is by direct contact of mucous, blood, and bodily fluids (semen,blood, vaginal fluid, and breast milk), contaminated needles, sexual intercourse, and blood transfusions. HIV destroys the T cells which are manditory to help keep the immune system functioning properly. When there is less than 200 microliters of these cells, it destroys the cell mediated immunity that helps recognize antigens(as mentioned earlier); leading to the well known condition: AIDS. A few symptoms related to AIDS are: fevers, night sweats, swollen glands, weakness, weight loss, and chills (wikipedia). Antiretroviral therapy is being used to help lengthen the life span of an individual infected with AIDS. Education continues to be an important concept to pass on to help stop the spread of this struggling disease.


In conclusion, I will tie what I stated in the beginning; studying these chapters definately makes me think more of what is happening inside my body as I move on each day. The cadiovascular system pumps blood through the heart and systems continuously, through its specific pathway. The blood is helpful in transporting, regulating, and fighting to keep our bodies functioning. Microbes live everywhere around us, and keep a balanced environment, but also causes diseases. Immunity keeps our bodies out of harms way, with the help of WBC and immunizations. AIDS is an unfortunate disease that destroys the T cells in the body, weakining the immune system. Keeping a healthy, productive lifestyle will hopefully keep my body strong and ward off any stray pathogens!


WORKS CITED:

Mader, Sylvia S. Human Biology. Boston: McGrawHill Companies, Inc. 2008.
Quotes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/heart and RBC
pictures of heart, arteries, RBC

www.mhe.com/biosci/es[/2001_saladin/folder_structure/tr/rr3/slo.index.htm
picture of capillary

http://training.seer.cancer.gov/
picture of blood composition(plasma and formed elements)

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/immunology/tutorials/AIDS/impacts.html
pciture infected cell/helper T cell

UNIT TWO: The Body

SELF and UNIT EVALUATION

1. What were the 3 aspects of the assignments I've submitted that I am most proud of? For the most part I feel that for both of the unit compendium reviews, I put in a lot of time, effort, and researching to try and get my understanding across. I also feel that the cell model was a piece of work in itself, this project was time consuming, and I tried to condense all the information together to make it a solid project. The 3rd assignment, would be the labs. Figuring out how to maneuver around the website and finally arriving with an end result was a relief! The genetics, fly and microscope labs.

2. What two aspects of my submitted assignments do I believe could have used improvement? Improvement could probably be found in both the Unit reviews: adding more detail and summarizing those ideas. If I had more time to work on the cell model, I probably could have integrated more information.

3. What do I believe my overall grade should be for this unit? I'm not sure how you grade, or how precise or accurate our labs need to be. For the hours, days, struggle, frustration, and relief of finishing in time I would hope to see an A on this unit. Its a focus factor to help get me through this condensed course, knowing I can do this :)

4. How could I perform better in the next unit? Now that I am aware of all the information that is involved in each unit, and approximately how long it takes me to complete something; time management is my main goal to work on. Setting more time, so I don't feel rushed or aggravated.

Unit ?
1. At what moment during this unit did you feel most engaged with the course? Working hands on with the cell model, and transferring my image into words. This gave me a better understanding of the cell life, DNA, and mitosis.
2. At what moment did you feel most distanced from the course? It took me a few tries to learn the microscope lab. For some reason my sound didn't work, and I found it easier to follow along with the computers narration.
3. What action that anyone(teacher or student) took during this unit that find most affirming and helpful? Having guidelines to follow were a big benefit. It gave me a general idea what to focus on.
4. What action was most puzzling or confusing? This is still frustrating to me: When working on a write-up, and inputting pictures, if I accidentally pressed the backspace one to many times my picture disappeared!!! I haven't found a undo button, therefore, I have to go through and re-arrange my photo!
5. What about this unit surprised you the most? Being able to finish all of the course context in a matter of 2 weeks on top of working, and other classes!! Its amazing what a person can do.

The Endless Tunnel- Ethical Issue Essay

ETHICAL ISSUE ESSAY


Picture a mouse scurrying along the tall, white walls of a maze. His speedy action gets him to the end of the maze, and is now able to rest. Even though this mouse appears to be like any other mouse, it happens to be a cloned mouse. Mice are commonly used for research. Unfortunately, these little, cloned, creatures live a short unhealthy life. I personally do not agree with all the technology researchers/scientists work and experiment with. While reading these articles, I still firmly disagree with cloning. Life is not made to be sandwiched in a test tube, in hopes to survive a healthy, prolonged life! Three different types of cloning are Recombinant DNA Technology, Reproductive Cloning, and Therapeutic Cloning. The unknown question lingering is, cloning humans the next step?!

Since the 1970's, Recombinant DNA Technology(DNA cloning) has been known as the common practice in molecular biology labs. DNA cloning is when a piece of DNA is transferred to another organism(plasmid, virus, bacteria) that is a self replica of the gene. This study is used to create identical information, to study off of. An example is, DNA cloning of insulin. This process was done by injecting an insulin gene into a vector, E.coli cell, that produces a chemically identical form of insulin. It is said to be reliable for those individuals struggling with high blood glucose levels in Diabetes. This form of insulin is actually used in majority of insulin dependent individuals. There will always be an individual who will have a adverse reaction to this type of insulin, and researchers continue watching for these kinds of risks. There is a dangerous part, which involves a possible contamination during the purification process. I give insulin to a lot of my diabetic dependent patients, but I'm not sure what the insulin is made of. Therefore I'm not sure what my point to make is. The article states many diabetics are currently using this insulin, therefore it has been tested and is effective.

Reproductive Cloning to me is a controversial subject in itself. The well known sheep, Dolly, was cloned in 1997, but it actually took 276 attempts. This type of cloning is mainly focused on animals. To repopulate endangered animals, those that have difficulties breeding, or for research purposes. I don't see this as being useful. There is obviously a reason for endangered animals, possibly because there are plenty in the world. The wild ox, an endangered animal, was cloned but died, 18 hours after birth due to an infection. Is there a reason it died? Was there an error, or was it meant to be? God miraculously gives, but He also takes away. And what is the purpose of trying to re-create another species? This type of cloning is not identical, but has similar DNA structures. Reproductive Cloning has egregious errors to take into account. A few are programming issues, high death rates, deformities, and disabilities. I don't see why you would want to take the chance and watch an animal suffer through these endless possibilities. Animals aren't capable of expressing their feelings, and what if that part of the brain was a deformity? What if they suffered their short life in pain due to a scientific error?

Therapeutic Cloning is an "embryo cloning." Bio-medical researchers find this cloning important to them. It is a process of storing stem cells in order to study development or attempt to treat diseases. The future focuses are to treat: Alzheimer's, Cancer, and Heart disease. It would be a miracle to find a cure for these diseases; since they have always been an issue and are the top leading causes of death. We are born, we live and we die. If we had a cure for everything in this world, life would seem endless. Don't misjudge me, I think it would be a blessing to find a cure for these diseases, but it almost seems impossible. Embryo cloning is a process that destroys the original embryo, after a specific cell is placed. Which raises a question, why would you destroy and original work of art only to create a new piece of art? An amazing percentage while reading this article on cloning is, 90% of cloning attempts FAIL! It also stated that many of the cloned animals do not live long enough to generate data. We all have personal beliefs and ideas pertaining to our lives and that of animals surrounding the world, but is it possible to stop recreating?

In conclusion, for the most part I do not agree with cloning. I mentioned numerous times, but it does not seem ethical to re-create a new life, whether it be a human or an animal. DNA is full of options, but with many unkown consequences. Cloning humans has and always will be a debate to try and sort through. But, the article states that the U.S. Congress is leaning towards banning human cloning. There are too many unknown questions and concerns that linger the idea of a human replica. Would they have mental dysfunctional problems: cognitive, motor,speach? Cloned animals have already proved to have problems, what makes us certain a human would not? Scientists also feel it is an irresponsible, dangerous attempt. Cloning is a topic of discussion, but with the techonology in today's world, is an endless process of possibilities.

CELL MODEL- DNA/CELL GENETICS

The Role of DNA: As mentioned numerous times, DNA is full of genetic information. It is found in the chromosomes which are located inside of the nucleus. The pictures below will show chromosomes, DNA helix with its base pairs( double stranded molecule), process of mitosis, and DNA transcription to mRNA. Inside the nucleus is a busy part of cell, I will do my best to try and show the above scenarios.



Inside of the nucleus are numerous chromosomes, which would be represented as the black pipe cleaners, the yellow ball is the centromere that holds the two chromosomes together: forming sister chromatids(the two small pieces of pipe cleaner). The sisters are identical, in that they have the exact genes. Each chromosome had a DNA double helix. Which is discussed below.

The picture above shows a structure of a DNA double helix, which is two stranded molecule full of nucleotides. Each side of the DNA, nucleotide, is made up of 3 units: phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base. Notice in the picture the red and white balls represent the sides of the ladder, which are composed of phosphate and sugar. The hydrogen consists of 4 different bases: Adenine(A), Guanine (G), Thymine(T), and Cytosine (C). Again notice in the picture that the steps to the ladder are composed of the bases just mentioned. Orange(A), Yellow(T), Green(G), and Blue(C). In between each ball is a small piece of black pipe cleaner (which represents the hydrogen bond). If this ladder were twisted the following pairs would occur: A-T, G-C.

During DNA replication: one side of the ladder remains as it is, while the other is away being formed as a new strand. Just remove one side of the ladder, the other side is getting ready to begin a new replica. The final DNA molecule consists of the original and new strand.

mRNA is one type of messenger used to help DNA with protein synthesis. mRNA is made inside of the nucleus(pink balls/yarn in above photo), it hauls genetic information collected from the DNA to the ribosomes(the green structures on the endoplasmic reticulum) to the cytoplasm. Where the process of protein synthesis is to take place.



During transcription, a strand of mRNA, per the book, forms that is "complimentary to a portion of DNA." If you were to take a picture, as noted above, the two strands are a copy of each other. While clicking the camera, the strand of mRNA sneaks in and develops into a complementary base joined with the DNA bases. Although the DNA is a double strand and mRNA is a single strand. On the other hands, translation refers to the information in a different code. The green beads represent an enlarged ribosome, where tRNA molecules carry amino acids to the site during translation. During this process, polypeptide(black pipe cleaner) synthesis occurs. The messengers bind to the ribosomes, forming an anticodon(3 complementary bases).

The process of Mitosis:

Picture 1 :

Picture 2:

Picture 3:

Picture 4:




Picture 1: The beginning phase of Prophase: At this point there is no nucleolus, and the cell is in the process to divide. The yellow balls(centromeres) are starting to move towards opposite sides of the cell. The black pipe cleaners are the chromosomes (sister chromatids) the pink yarn are spindle fibers.

Picture 2: Metaphase: The chromosomes are lined up at the equator of the cell, and the spindle fibers have attached to the centromere.

Picture 3: Anaphase: The centromeres split from the sister chromatids(forming daughter chromosomes), and push away to opposite ends of the spindle. This process enables that each cell will receive the same gene.


Picture 4: Telophase: The chromsomes eventually end up at opposite sides of the cell. The spindles begin to disappear. The nucleolus appears, and there are two cells at opposite ends with DNA.

In conclusion, this model has helped me better understand different parts/functions inside of the cell. Although, with the compendium review having to explain different parts and processes, I feel like I was repetative, or may not have included some parts since I discussed them prior. DNA is a very in depth concept to learn. It may seem easy to say its purpose is to pass on genetic information, but that doesn't seem to justify all the work it actually does. All of the living parts inside of the cell work to together to complete their daily chores. Similar to the daily process of learning.